ultrasound biomicroscopy frequency

Ophthalmol. (PDF) Ultrasound biomicroscopy: An overview - ResearchGate J Cataract Refract Surg. Moura MFde, Hayashi I, Rocha DM, Allemann N. Evaluation of anterior segment foreign bodies with ultrasound biomicroscopy. 2016;20:51922.e4. Clinically, intraoperative UBM may have future applications in pediatric ophthalmic disease. UBM measurement before and after retro-orbicularis oculus fat resection likewise correlated closely with postoperative outcomes [73]. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is the only available option for noninvasive, high-resolution imaging of the intricate iridociliary complex, and for anterior segment imaging with corneal haze or opacity. Highfrequency ultrasound blood flow imaging and measurement can be accomplished by either Doppler methods or a timedomain method called swept mode. AS-OCT can also provide quantitative measurements and is used in keratoconus diagnosis, corneal refractive surgery, corneal transplant surgery, and other ocular surface diseases including tumors. Ultrasound Biomicroscopy and High-Frequency Ultrasound for - PubMed Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Comperative analysis of accuracy between low-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy and 14-MHz ultrasonography with tissue harmonic imaging for the evaluation of the posterior lens capsule in traumatic cataracts | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text Research Open Access Published: 22 October 2021 Ultrasound Pulses to Brain Send Mice Into a Hibernation-Like State Br J Ophthalmol. Mirmohammadsadeghi A, Manuchehri V, Akbari MR. The 22 publications evaluating UBM use in the setting of childhood glaucoma combined to contribute a total of 890 eyes from 557 pediatric subjects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.034. Subsurface ultrasound microscopic imaging of the intact eye. Br J Ophthalmol. Diagnostic B-scan ultrasound can accurately used in the detection and differentiation of: Some iris or ciliary body lesions Lens condition and location Vitreous abnormalities as opacities (Fig. Analysis and interpretation of images begins with identification of the scleral spur, a protrusion of the sclera into the anterior chamber that attaches anteriorly to the trabecular meshwork. Ultrasound biomicroscopy detects Peters Anomaly and Riegers Anomaly in Infants. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. 1999;237:36171. Sharma N, Mannan R, Jhanji V, et al. 2015;13:226-235. Kanellopoulos AJ, Asimellis G. In vivo 3-dimensional corneal epithelial thickness mapping as an indicator of dry eye: preliminary clinical assessment. Duplicate articles were removed from the initial database search, and the list of references was managed with Covidence. They provide important information of intralesional features, lesion extension, size and morphology; however, more studies are warranted to determine which modality is most suitable for each tumor type. 2020;29:1824. The concept of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) specifically for ocular tissue was first introduced by Marmor who used a probe frequency of 1000 MHz on postmortem eyes to obtain images of the. 2000;78:848. From Pearls of Glaucoma Management. The most common reasons for exclusion were studies that had only adult subjects, were unavailable, or did not use UBM. 2016;42:284-295. [8] [9] In contrast, the resolution does not allow a high intralesional detailing with this modality. 2012;59:3158. Cannata JM, Williams JA, Zhang L, Hu C-H, Shung KK. Covidence identified 350 duplicates, leaving 1247 records to screen. Tandon A, Watson C, Ayyala R. Ultrasound biomicroscopy measurement of Schlemms canal in pediatric patients with and without glaucoma. Among those, the vast majority of studies utilized at 50MHz probe. These studies provide useful normative data [64, 85,86,87], and emphasize the importance of controlling for age and environmental factors during UBM imaging. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) can clearly show the tissue of the anterior segment, but its high frequency limits its penetrability. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.04.20. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27492010000200014. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2013;120:212212.e2123. Ocul Surf. Five studies evaluated postoperative structural anatomy using UBM. Article IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. J Cataract Refract Surg. Comparison of Corneal Epithelial Thickness Measurement Between Fourier-Domain OCT and Very High-Frequency Digital Ultrasound. Retina. Ultrasound imaging, also called sonography, uses high-frequency sound waves to capture static and moving images inside your body. Compared to AS-OCT, the main strength of UBM is its ability to visualize structures behind the iris, including the ciliary body and lens. UBM can be used for imaging much of the anatomy of the anterior segment, as well as associated pathologies, including angle closure glaucoma, ciliary body cysts, neoplasms, and angle trauma. Eur J Ophthalmol. Aspects of transducer development, systems design and tissue properties are presented to provide a foundation for medical and biological applications. Human studies using UBM to diagnose, predict, or guide management. S27 to S29 and movies S3 and S4; see materials and methods for details on acoustic simulation). Paediatr Anaesth. Genetic disease evaluation, in particular genotypephenotype correlations have offered some novel insights to the known natural history of diseases such as cystinosis [15], and neurofibromatosis type 1 [16]. Dai S, Kraft SP, Smith DR, Buncic JR. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in strabismus reoperations. Pediatric eyelid and lacrimal evaluations using UBM revealed that congenital ptosis, and outcomes of congenital ptosis surgery could be evaluated using UBM. 2009;35:8814. 2004;20:30811. 2007;17:46975. Cross-sectional images of the eye are produced using a frequency range of 25-100 MHz. Ultrasonography can also be used to monitor for regression in the overall volume of the tumor with globe-sparing therapy. Pediatric patients present additional diagnostic challenges. JLB has grant support from National Cancer Institute of the NIH Award K08CA232344, Hyundai Hope on Wheels, and The Wright Foundation. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography versus ultrasound biomicroscopy for imaging of nonpigmented iris tumors. 2015;56:1553. 2014;55:4867. 1977;16:6606. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-012-1971-2. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. Li Y, Shekhar R, Huang D. Corneal pachymetry mapping with high-speed optical coherence tomography. 2017:1704. Watts P, Smith D, MacKeen L, Kraft S, Buncic JR, Abdolell M. Evaluation of the ultrasound biomicroscope in strabismus surgery. Ultrasonography (B-Scan) and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) Studies published after 2004 reported a variety of vendors and models. A systematic review of ultrasound biomicroscopy use in pediatric ophthalmology. Corneal thickness (CT), measurement between the anterior surface of the epithelium and posterior surface of the endothelium. Opportunity remains in augmenting various steps in the process from image acquisition to image analysis. Diagnosis of pupillary block glaucoma after removal of congenital cataracts with intraoperative ultrasound biomicroscopy: a case report. Ophthalmology. Li Z, Li Y, Huang X, et al. Advances in ultrasound biomicroscopy - PubMed This imaging tool has a very specific niche in the pediatric population where anterior segment disease can be accompanied by corneal opacity or clouding, and anomalies posterior to the iris may be present. Studies with four or more pediatric subjects were included for detailed extraction. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e31819a5fd8. Nahum Y, Galor O, Atar M, Bahar I, Livny E. Real-time intraoperative ultrasound biomicroscopy for determining graft orientation during Descemets membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Ludwig K, Wegscheider E, Hoops JP, Kampik A. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. [13] This non-invasive imaging technique is capable of providing high-quality cross-sectional images based on the reflectance of tissue using a near-infrared light, in contrast to UBM that uses sound. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 419 West Redwood Street, Suite 479, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA, Janet L. Alexander,Alex Darras&Moran R. Levin, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 419 West Redwood Street, Suite 479, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles & The USC Roski Eye Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Mailstop #88, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA, Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, 601W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1512, USA, You can also search for this author in In a study of 50 children with advanced retinoblastoma in India, UBM was both highly sensitive (100%) and specific (95%) for anterior segment involvement, which correlated with high-risk histopathologic features [27]. Sixty-six studies were separately reviewed as case reports and small series to determine UBM equipment type and diseases of interest. [3] Another advantage is the ability to provide quantitative measurements of the anterior chamber angle (ACA) that are useful for accurate diagnosis and management. Smith SD, Singh K, Lin SC et al. The authors concluded that UBM is useful in localizing anterior segment foreign bodies, and plays an important role in therapeutic planning [50]. Chen Q, Gu J, Jiang R, Zhou M, Chang Q. Subsurface ultrasound microscopic imaging of the intact eye. Covidence was used as an initial organizational tool to extract the interventions, outcomes, and population characteristics of each study. Advances in ultrasound biomicroscopy - ScienceDirect Not all seeds are created equal: seed classification is predictive of outcomes in retinoblastoma. Mungan N, Nischal KK, Hon E, MacKeen L, Balfe JW, Levin AV. A review. If necessary, a third author (JP) resolved any disagreements. 2019;8:25. https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.8.4.25. Long J, Xiang D, Guo Z, et al. [19] [20] [21], Lastly, AS-OCT (with high-resolution or commercially available devices) can be a useful adjunct tool in the diagnosis of ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia (OSSN). Am J Ophthalmol. Gupta V, Jha R, Srinivasan G, Dada T, Sihota R. Ultrasound biomicroscopic characteristics of the anterior segment in primary congenital glaucoma. The search was not restricted by language or date of publication. 2011;95:144650. A high agreement between UBM, especially in a dark room, and gonioscopy has been shown in detecting iridotrabecular apposition. 2014;8:172530. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(02)02148-7. Anterior segment Optical Coherence Tomography. This page has been accessed 83,215 times. 2019;47:47883. Biglan AW. Ultrasound biomicroscopy as a diagnostic tool in infants with primary congenital glaucoma. INDICATIONS 1. PubMed Central Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;23:e156. Quantitative analysis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment in cinese using UBM. Thinning of the levator aponeurosis correlated closely with ptosis [14, 71, 72]. Ultrasound biomicroscopy diagnosis of congenital glaucoma. Janet L. Alexander. All studies concluded that recti muscle insertions can be well localized using UBM [13, 66,67,68], with less accuracy for lateral rectus position noted in only one study [69]. The remaining 43% of publications evaluated pre- and postoperative anatomy. It has multiple applications to evaluate anterior segment structures; cornea, angle, iris and peripheral choroid. Science. This purpose of this systematic review is to identify and synthesize the body of literature involving use of UBM to describe, evaluate, diagnose, or optimize treatment of pediatric ocular disease. [14] Other advantages are its non-contact principal, fast acquisition and does not require experienced operators. Ophthalmic use of UBM was refined for in vivo use by Pavlin as an adaptation of ultrasound technology, providing high-resolution images of the anterior eye [2]. In the first study, UBM was performed in 32 eyes with severe closed-globe injuries leading to hazy media at the Persian fireworks festival. Another study evaluated 53 eyes of patients who had fireworks related injuries in Southern China. Studies lacking use of UBM or not reporting UBM results. The frequency of low-frequency UBM (LFUBM) is 25 MHz. 2019;39:82937. Role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the planning for secondary implantation of intra ocular lens in aphakia. Value of high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy in uveitis | Eye - Nature https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S66682. In terms of hardware advances, future UBM transducers will include features that enhance image resolution. 2010;117:21915. Lacrimal system evaluation has been carried out using UBM to analyse both structure and function in patients of all ages, including pediatric, and in several lacrimal conditions: chronic dacryocystitis, fistula, mucocoele, dacryolith, silicone lacrimal intubation, congenital and acquired canalicular obstruction, Downs syndrome, and facial nerve palsy [75, 76]. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00524-9. Clinicopathological correlation of congenital corneal opacification using ultrasound biomicroscopy. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_915_17. Li Y, Chamberlain W, Tan O, Brass R, Weiss JL, Huang D. Subclinical keratoconus detection by pattern analysis of corneal and epithelial thickness maps with optical coherence tomography. Invest. 2020;41:12530. Clinicopathologic features and treatment characteristics of congenital corneal opacity infants and children aged 3 years or less: a retrospective single institution analysis. Neoplastic and uveitic applications (retinoblastoma and toxocariasis, respectively) are the most prominent posterior segment applications of UBM. BMC Ophthalmol. A 30-MHz piezo-composite ultrasound array for medical imaging applications. Barkana Y, Dorairaj SK, Gerber Y, Liebmann JM, Ritch R. Agreement between gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy in detecting iridotrabecular apposition. October, 2018. Evaluation of extraocular muscle insertions in the setting of strabismus was evaluated in six studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.03.011. Mansoori T, Sarvepally VK, Balakrishna N. Plateau Iris in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma: An Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Study. AI applications of UBM image analysis have been published among adult subjects [97], leaving pediatric UBM image analysis using AI an understudied area of great potential. Purpose To determine the use of high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in the assessment of inflammatory lesions of the iris, ciliary body, pars plana and peripheral vitreous, and in . UBM successfully identified foreign bodies in the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, lens, sclera, iridocorneal angle, and ciliary body. Zetterstrm C, Lundvall A, Kugelberg M. Cataracts in children. 1997;81:4604. Sharma A, Ali A, Henderson RH, Patel CK, VandenHoven C, Lam WC. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14515. J Clin Ultrasound. Morales J, Chaudhry IA, Bosley TM. Kumar RS, Sudhakaran S, and Aung T. Imaging. [1] Compared to regular ultrasound modalities such as A-scan or B scan (10 MHz), UBM uses a much higher frequency transducer (35-100 MHz). Mireskandari K, Ali A, Elbaz U, Strungaru H. Characterizing the phenotypic spectrum of Peters anomaly: from mild to severe disease. Kobayashi H, Kobayashi K. Quantitative comparison of Zeiss-Humphrey model 840 and Rion UX-02 systems of ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ophthalmic Genet. Visual loss associated with pediatric uveitis in english primary and referral centers. [18] Additionally, AS-OCT has been used to assess CT and ET in full-thickness or lamellar keratoplasty planning, limbal stem cell deficiency, dry eye disease, and others. High-frequency (>50MHz) medical ultrasound linear arrays fabricated from micromachined bulk PZT materials. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2016; 25: e82e86. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e318261eb2b. Lin Y, Liang X, Liu X, et al. 2009;116:172530. [6], Although UBM provides high quality images and a close agreement with gonioscopy, the latter remains the gold standard to diagnose narrow angle and angle closure allowing direct visualization of structures to assess the presence and extent of PAS and differentiating from iridotrabecular apposition. 2003;135:67680. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;83:55962. Article 2012;16:e30. UBM is a useful non-invasive tool for evaluating the presence of narrow anterior chamber angles, angle closure glaucoma, and pathology of the ciliary body. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.025. Google Scholar. Role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the planning for secondary implantation of intra ocular lens in aphakia. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.20368. Identifying novel clinical applications, particularly in pediatric populations, is key to realizing the full potential of UBM. Ophthalmology. Engels BF, Dietlein TS, Jacobi PC, Krieglstein GK. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2013.2860. Articles were screened independently by two authors (JLA and LW). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.01.006. 2019;72:13738. J Cataract Refract Surg. Adult studies with subject ages >18 years. J AAPOS. J Refract Surg. High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography as an Adjunctive Tool in the Diagnosis of Corneal and Conjunctival Pathology. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Outcomes were subcategorized by type of study design, UBM platform used, probe frequency used, clinical application including broad disease category (i.e., glaucoma, trauma, uveitis) and specific disease category (i.e., glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery, traumatic cyclodialysis, and toxocara uveitis), anatomy of interest, and outcomes including the quantitative and qualitative utility of UBM reported. Al-Faky YH. Ophthalmology. Snook KA, Zhao J-Z, Alves CHF, et al. These images allow your Novant Health care team to accurately assess the type and extent . https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182561f7c. 2011;118:216671. J AAPOS. UBM and AS-OCT are both imaging techniques used to image the AS of the eye. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27492006000300018. In order of incidence, cataract (115:10,000) [4], trauma (5:10,000) [5], uveitis (36:100,000) [6, 7], congenital corneal opacities including anterior segment dysgenesis (36:100,000) [8], glaucoma (2:100,000) [9, 10], and aniridia (12:100,000) [11] combine to account for the majority of treatable childhood blindness [12]. Observational or comparative studies of UBM findings. [10] [11] [12] Its disadvantages are the need for direct contact of the transducer to the eye or through immersion technique, which requires the patient to be in supine position and may falsely widen the anterior chamber, and its acquisition are patient- and operator-dependent. Sci. [25] Important to highlight that none of the aforementioned imaging techniques are a substitution for biopsy, which provides a definite diagnosis in ocular surface lesions. 1994;112:15849. 2015;23:739. In cases of glaucoma, for better understanding of the mechanism of the disease, thereby allowing better treatment directed at the underlying pathophysiology. Google Scholar. Other reported uses include a general assessment of inflammatory lesions of the iris, ciliary body, pars plana, and peripheral vitreous in infectious, autoimmune, and idiopathic cases. Zhu X-J, Zhang K-K, He W-W, Sun X-H, Meng F-R, Lu Y. 1990;97:24450. Epidemiology and molecular genetics of congenital cataracts. PubMedGoogle Scholar. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. The authors found that UBM was helpful in the making the correct diagnosis and treatment plan in these traumatized eyes [52]. Angle recess area (ARA), the triangular area bound between the AOD line and the angle recess. Ultrasound devices, which generate high-frequency sound waves, are best known for their imaging powers. The concept of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) speci- cally for ocular tissue was rst introduced by Marmor who used a probe frequency of 1000MHz on postmortem eyes Automatic classification of anterior chamber angle using ultrasound biomicroscopy and deep learning. Zur D, Neudorfer M, Shulman S, Rosenblatt A, Habot-Wilner Z. High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy as an adjunctive diagnostic tool for anterior scleral inflammatory disease. Ultrasonic biomicroscopy images of zebrafish eyes were obtained with these transducers which demonstrate the feasibility of high resolution imaging with a performance comparable to optical. Due to the enhanced safety profile now in place, aided by UBM imaging, intravitreal chemotherapy injections are routinely done and have been found to be safe and highly efficacious for the treatment of vitreous seeding and intracameral seeding in retinoblastoma [29]. ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY: High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging of the Eye https://doi.org/10.1109/58.985706. 2013;32:e2530. and JavaScript. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:950955. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the levator aponeurosis in congenital and aponeurotic blepharoptosis. Diseases of the pediatric anterior segment were key diseases of focus in the literature evaluating pediatric use of UBM imaging. As the pioneering team led by Pavlin reported clinical results over the decade following their introductory paper, numerous ophthalmologists followed suit. 2002;49:16976. Br J Ophthalmol. Specific features of pediatric uveitis on UBM were damage to ciliary processes (most commonly in the inferior quadrant), and granulomas (most commonly in the temporal quadrant). Local retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) resection in upper blepharoplasty: A retrospective evaluation study of 65 bilateral upper blepharoplasties. J Cataract Refract Surg. CAS PubMed The body of literature on UBM for pediatric cataracts evaluates the anatomy at each relevant step in the congenital cataract lifecycle: diagnosis and preoperative planning, surgical removal, and postoperative assessment generally dedicated to assessing intraocular lens (IOL) position. BMC Ophthalmol. Ultrasound biomicroscopy findings in fireworks-related blunt eye injuries. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004170050248. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000126317.90271.d8. Its application in the AS was first reported in 1994 and recently is a useful tool with the ability of anatomic and structural measurement with an axial resolution of 5-10m, lateral resolution of 15-25m and tissue penetration of 3-6mm. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:1584 1589. Elfiky M, Saad H, Elseht R, Selima A. Twenty-five percent were dedicated to evaluation of iridociliary cysts, and the remaining 30% evaluated various solid tumor subtypes. Catal J, Cuadras D, Castany-Aregall M, et al. Updates in ocular surface tumor diagnostics. Gonzlez-Martn-Moro J, Contreras-Martn I, Muoz-Negrete FJ, Gmez-Sanz F, Zarallo-Gallardo J. Cyclodialysis: an update. 78 Although some concern exists regarding Doppler exposure levels, . Ultrasound biomicroscopy comparison of ab interno and ab externo scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses. In the diagnostic evaluation of children with retinoblastoma, 10MHz b-scan probes are routinely used to identify a retinal-based lesion with intra-tumoral foci of calcification, which is pathognomonic for this intraocular cancer. J Ophthalmol. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.985701. Toxocara features specifically identified using UBM included: vitreal changes (described variably as condensations, strands, or membranes) in 6887% of cases, peripheral retinal granuloma (60%), pseudocysts, thickened ciliary body, tractional cyclodialysis (41%), peripheral retinal detachment, iris traction, and peripheral anterior synechiae. Anatomical utility of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the lacrimal drainage system. The characteristic findings are significantly thick and hyperreflective epithelium in OSSN compared to benign lesions such as pterygium and Salzmann nodules, correlating to the histopathological findings.[22]. Role of ultrasound biomicroscopy in diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13442. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27492012000200010. Ophthalmology. Google Scholar. 2007;11:54650. Ultrasound Biomicroscopy and HighFrequency Ultrasound for Evaluating Zhang YS, Zhou Q, Zhang J, et al. Tsuchiya AK, Tanaka K, Sakurada I, Oba S, Mizuki N. Ultrasound biomicroscopic measurement of anterior chamber biometry between before and after pupil dilation in children. 2015;31:438-445. Presented to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Chicago, IL, USA. Higher frequencies provide higher resolution but the signal is increasingly attenuated . 2017;12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172979. Evaluation of functional outcome and stability of sutureless scleral tunnel fixated IOLs in children with ectopia lentis. UBM is indicated to evaluate for anterior tumor extension including tumor anterior to the anterior vitreous face and tumor touching the lens, features that indicate very advanced intraocular disease (Group E) [26]. 2007;125:13311335. The most common topic of literature evaluating use of UBM in pediatric subjects with corneal pathology was congenital corneal opacities (CCO), including but not limited to the spectrum of anterior segment dysgenesis. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Khan HA, Smith DR, Kraft SP. Maripudi S, Byrd J, Qureshi A, et al. Structural changes of the ciliary body and ciliary processes measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy of primary congenital glaucoma in comparison to glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.12.049. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.01.209.
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